first commit

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+_build

dune-project

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+(lang dune 3.0)

src/dune

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+(rule
+  (target main.pdf)
+  (deps
+    ;; tex
+    main.tex slides.tex
+    ;; images
+    logo_lmf.svg
+    logo_ocp.png
+    ocaml_chain.png
+    ;; generated images
+    figure_ocaml_bit1.mps
+    figure_ocaml_bit2.mps
+    figure_ocaml_bit3.mps
+    figure_type_hierarchy.mps
+  )
+  (action (run texfot xelatex -halt-on-error -shell-escape main.tex)))
+
+(rule
+  (targets figure_ocaml_bit1.mps figure_ocaml_bit2.mps figure_ocaml_bit3.mps)
+  (deps figures.ml)
+  (action (run mlpost %{deps})))
+
+(rule
+  (targets figure_type_hierarchy.mps)
+  (deps figures2.ml)
+  (action (run mlpost %{deps})))

src/figures.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+open Mlpost
+open Box
+
+(* a named box intended to be used as a pointer which implies empty content *)
+let named_ptr name = box ~fill:Color.lightgreen ~name (tex " ")
+
+(* a named scalar *)
+let named_scalar ~name v = box ~fill:Color.lightcyan ~name (tex v)
+
+(* a named taggeg pointer *)
+let named_tagged_ptr name =
+  hbox ~stroke:(Some Color.black) ~fill:Color.lightgreen
+    [ box ~stroke:None (tex "") ~name; tex ~fill:Color.lightred "" ]
+
+(* a named scalar *)
+let named_tagged_scalar ~name v =
+  hbox ~stroke:(Some Color.black) ~fill:Color.lightcyan ~name
+    [ box ~stroke:None (tex v); tex ~fill:Color.lightmagenta "" ]
+
+let tagged_scalar v =
+  hbox ~stroke:(Some Color.black) ~fill:Color.lightcyan
+    [ box ~stroke:None (tex v); tex ~fill:Color.lightmagenta "" ]
+
+type scalar =
+  | Int of int
+  | Float of float
+
+let value_to_string = function
+  | Int n -> string_of_int n
+  | Float f -> string_of_float f
+
+let name_box name = tex (Format.sprintf "\\texttt{%s}:" name)
+
+module Stack = struct
+  type value =
+    | Unboxed_ptr of string
+    | Unboxed_scalar of string * scalar
+    | Tagged_ptr of string
+    | Tagged_scalar of string * scalar
+
+  type t = value list
+
+  let value_to_box = function
+    | Unboxed_ptr name -> hbox [ name_box name; named_ptr name ]
+    | Unboxed_scalar (name, v) ->
+      let scalar = value_to_string v in
+      hbox [ name_box name; named_scalar ~name scalar ]
+    | Tagged_ptr name -> hbox [ name_box name; named_tagged_ptr name ]
+    | Tagged_scalar (name, v) ->
+      let scalar = value_to_string v in
+      hbox [ name_box name; named_tagged_scalar ~name scalar ]
+
+  let to_box l =
+    let l = List.map value_to_box l in
+    vbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.) [ tex "stack:"; vbox ~pos:`Right l ]
+end
+
+(* a named box intended to be used as a block metadata containing scalar *)
+let named_meta_scalar name = box ~name ~fill:Color.lightmagenta (tex "")
+
+(* a named box intended to be used as a block metadata containing ptr *)
+let named_meta_ptr name = box ~name ~fill:Color.lightred (tex "")
+
+module Block = struct
+  type tagged =
+    | Tagged_scalar of int
+    | Tagged_ptr of string
+
+  type t =
+    | Unboxed_ptr of string * string list
+    | Unboxed_scalar of string * scalar list
+    | Tagged of string * tagged list
+    | Untagged of string * string list
+
+  let named_meta_tagged name = box ~name ~fill:Color.lightblue (tex "")
+
+  let named_meta_untagged name = box ~name ~fill:Color.lightblue (tex "")
+
+  let tagged = function
+    | Tagged_scalar n ->
+      let v = string_of_int n in
+      tagged_scalar v
+    | Tagged_ptr name -> hbox [ named_tagged_ptr name ]
+
+  let untagged v = tex v
+
+  let to_box = function
+    | Unboxed_ptr (name, v) ->
+      hblock (named_meta_ptr name :: List.map named_ptr v)
+    | Unboxed_scalar (name, v) ->
+      let v = List.map value_to_string v in
+      hblock (named_meta_scalar name :: List.map (tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan) v)
+    | Tagged (name, v) -> hblock (named_meta_tagged name :: List.map tagged v)
+    | Untagged (name, v) ->
+      hblock (named_meta_untagged name :: List.map untagged v)
+
+  let unboxed_ptr name v = to_box @@ Unboxed_ptr (name, v)
+
+  let unboxed_scalar name v = to_box @@ Unboxed_scalar (name, v)
+
+  let tagged name v = to_box @@ Tagged (name, v)
+
+  let untagged name v = to_box @@ Untagged (name, v)
+end
+
+(* a named box intended to be used as a block metadata containing scalar *)
+let named_meta_unboxed_float name = box ~name ~fill:Color.purple (tex "")
+
+(* a block of unboxed floats *)
+let unboxed_floats_block name values =
+  hblock
+  @@ named_meta_unboxed_float name
+     :: List.map (tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan) values
+
+let scalar_array name values =
+  hblock ~name (List.map (tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan) values)
+
+let figure_python_layout =
+  let stack =
+    let open Stack in
+    to_box
+      [ Unboxed_ptr "array1"
+      ; Unboxed_ptr "array2"
+      ; Unboxed_ptr "pair"
+      ; Unboxed_ptr "x"
+      ]
+  in
+  let heap =
+    let open Block in
+    vbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ tex "heap:"
+      ; hbox ~padding:(Num.em 1.)
+          [ unboxed_scalar "1_meta" [ Int 1 ]
+          ; unboxed_scalar "2_meta" [ Int 2 ]
+          ; unboxed_scalar "3_meta" [ Int 3 ]
+          ]
+      ; unboxed_ptr "array1_meta" [ "array1_1"; "array1_2"; "array1_3" ]
+      ; unboxed_ptr "pair_meta" [ "pair_1"; "pair_2" ]
+      ; unboxed_ptr "array2_meta" [ "array2_1"; "array2_2"; "array2_3" ]
+      ; hbox ~padding:(Num.em 1.)
+          [ unboxed_scalar "42_meta" [ Int 42 ]
+          ; unboxed_scalar "99_meta" [ Int 99 ]
+          ; unboxed_scalar "666_meta" [ Int 666 ]
+          ]
+      ]
+  in
+  let figure = hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.) [ stack; heap ] in
+  let ptr a b = Helpers.box_pointer_arrow (get a figure) (get b figure) in
+  Command.seq
+    [ draw figure
+    ; ptr "array1" "array1_meta"
+    ; ptr "array1_1" "1_meta"
+    ; ptr "array1_2" "2_meta"
+    ; ptr "array1_3" "3_meta"
+    ; ptr "array2" "array2_meta"
+    ; ptr "array2_1" "42_meta"
+    ; ptr "array2_2" "99_meta"
+    ; ptr "array2_3" "666_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair" "pair_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair_1" "array1_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair_2" "array2_meta"
+    ; ptr "x" "42_meta"
+    ]
+
+let figure_python_layout2 =
+  let stack =
+    let open Stack in
+    to_box
+      [ Unboxed_ptr "array1"
+      ; Unboxed_ptr "array2"
+      ; Unboxed_ptr "pair"
+      ; Unboxed_ptr "x"
+      ]
+  in
+  let heap =
+    let open Block in
+    vbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ tex "heap:"
+      ; unboxed_scalar "array1_meta" [ Int 1; Int 2; Int 3 ]
+      ; unboxed_ptr "pair_meta" [ "pair_1"; "pair_2" ]
+      ; unboxed_scalar "array2_meta" [ Int 42; Int 99; Int 666 ]
+      ; unboxed_scalar "42_meta" [ Int 42 ]
+      ]
+  in
+  let figure = hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.) [ stack; heap ] in
+  let ptr a b = Helpers.box_pointer_arrow (get a figure) (get b figure) in
+  Command.seq
+    [ draw figure
+    ; ptr "array1" "array1_meta"
+    ; ptr "array2" "array2_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair" "pair_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair_1" "array1_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair_2" "array2_meta"
+    ; ptr "x" "42_meta"
+    ]
+
+let figure_ocaml_layout =
+  let stack =
+    let open Stack in
+    to_box
+      [ Tagged_ptr "array1"
+      ; Tagged_ptr "array2"
+      ; Tagged_ptr "pair"
+      ; Tagged_scalar ("x", Int 42)
+      ]
+  in
+  let heap =
+    let open Block in
+    vbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ tex "heap:"
+      ; tagged "array1_meta"
+          [ Tagged_scalar 1; Tagged_scalar 2; Tagged_scalar 3 ]
+      ; tagged "pair_meta" [ Tagged_ptr "pair_1"; Tagged_ptr "pair_2" ]
+      ; tagged "array2_meta"
+          [ Tagged_scalar 42; Tagged_scalar 99; Tagged_scalar 666 ]
+      ]
+  in
+  let figure = hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.) [ stack; heap ] in
+  let ptr a b = Helpers.box_pointer_arrow (get a figure) (get b figure) in
+  Command.seq
+    [ draw figure
+    ; ptr "array1" "array1_meta"
+    ; ptr "array2" "array2_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair" "pair_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair_1" "array1_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair_2" "array2_meta"
+    ]
+
+let figure_java_layout =
+  let stack =
+    let open Stack in
+    to_box
+      [ Unboxed_ptr "array1"
+      ; Unboxed_ptr "array2"
+      ; Unboxed_ptr "pair"
+      ; Unboxed_scalar ("x", Int 42)
+      ]
+  in
+  let heap =
+    let open Block in
+    vbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ tex "heap:"
+      ; scalar_array "array1_array" [ "1"; "2"; "3" ]
+      ; hbox ~padding:(Num.em 1.)
+          [ unboxed_scalar "1_meta" [ Int 1 ]
+          ; unboxed_scalar "2_meta" [ Int 2 ]
+          ; unboxed_scalar "3_meta" [ Int 3 ]
+          ]
+      ; unboxed_ptr "array1_meta" [ "array1_1"; "array1_2"; "array1_3" ]
+      ; unboxed_ptr "pair_meta" [ "pair_1"; "pair_2" ]
+      ; unboxed_ptr "array2_meta" [ "array2_1"; "array2_2"; "array2_3" ]
+      ; hbox ~padding:(Num.em 1.)
+          [ unboxed_scalar "42_meta" [ Int 42 ]
+          ; unboxed_scalar "99_meta" [ Int 99 ]
+          ; unboxed_scalar "666_meta" [ Int 666 ]
+          ]
+      ]
+  in
+  let figure = hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.) [ stack; heap ] in
+  let ptr a b = Helpers.box_pointer_arrow (get a figure) (get b figure) in
+  Command.seq
+    [ draw figure
+    ; ptr "array1" "array1_array"
+    ; ptr "array1_1" "1_meta"
+    ; ptr "array1_2" "2_meta"
+    ; ptr "array1_3" "3_meta"
+    ; ptr "array2" "array2_meta"
+    ; ptr "array2_1" "42_meta"
+    ; ptr "array2_2" "99_meta"
+    ; ptr "array2_3" "666_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair" "pair_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair_1" "array1_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair_2" "array2_meta"
+    ]
+
+let figure_ocaml_bit1 =
+  let figure =
+    hblock
+      [ tex "$b_{n - 1}$"
+      ; tex "$b_{n - 2}$"
+      ; tex "\\ldots"
+      ; tex "$b_{1}$"
+      ; tex ~fill:Color.lightblue "$b_{0}$"
+      ]
+  in
+  Command.seq [ draw figure ]
+
+let figure_ocaml_bit2 =
+  let figure =
+    hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ hblock
+          [ tex "$b_{n - 1}$"
+          ; tex "$b_{n - 2}$"
+          ; tex "\\ldots"
+          ; tex "$b_{1}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightred "$0$"
+          ]
+      ; hblock
+          [ tex ~fill:Color.lightgreen "$b_{n - 1}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightgreen "$b_{n - 2}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightgreen "\\ldots"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightgreen "$b_{1}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightgreen "$0$"
+          ]
+      ]
+  in
+  Command.seq [ draw figure ]
+
+let figure_ocaml_bit3 =
+  let figure =
+    hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ hblock
+          [ tex "$b_{n - 1}$"
+          ; tex "$b_{n - 2}$"
+          ; tex "\\ldots"
+          ; tex "$b_{1}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightmagenta "$1$"
+          ]
+      ; hblock
+          [ tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan "$b_{n - 1}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan "$b_{n - 2}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan "\\ldots"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan "$b_{1}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightmagenta "$1$"
+          ]
+      ]
+  in
+  Command.seq [ draw figure ]
+
+let figure_python_block1 =
+  let figure =
+    hblock
+      [ tex ~fill:Color.lightblue "$tag$"
+      ; tex "$n$"
+      ; tex ~fill:Color.lightyellow "$data_{0}$"
+      ; tex ~fill:Color.lightyellow "\\ldots"
+      ; tex ~fill:Color.lightyellow "$data_{n - 1}$"
+      ]
+  in
+  Command.seq [ draw figure ]
+
+let figure_python_block2 =
+  let figure =
+    hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ hblock
+          [ tex ~fill:Color.lightred "pointer"
+          ; tex "$2$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightgreen "0x\\ldots"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightgreen "0x\\ldots"
+          ]
+      ; hblock
+          [ tex ~fill:Color.lightmagenta "scalar"
+          ; tex "$1$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan "$42$"
+          ]
+      ]
+  in
+  Command.seq [ draw figure ]
+
+let figure_ocaml_float1 =
+  let figure =
+    let open Block in
+    vbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ untagged "meta_abc" [ "$12.13$" ]
+      ; hbox ~padding:(Num.em 1.)
+          [ tagged "array"
+              [ Tagged_ptr "array_1"
+              ; Tagged_ptr "array_2"
+              ; Tagged_ptr "array_3"
+              ]
+          ; untagged "meta_pi" [ "$6.28318530717958623$" ]
+          ]
+      ; untagged "meta_42" [ "$42.0$" ]
+      ]
+  in
+  let ptr a b = Helpers.box_pointer_arrow (get a figure) (get b figure) in
+  Command.seq
+    [ draw figure
+    ; ptr "array_1" "meta_abc"
+    ; ptr "array_2" "meta_42"
+    ; ptr "array_3" "meta_pi"
+    ]
+
+let figure_ocaml_float2 =
+  let figure =
+    unboxed_floats_block "meta_abc"
+      [ "$12.13$"; "$42.0$"; "$6.28318530717958623$" ]
+  in
+  Command.seq [ draw figure ]
+
+let figure_wasm_layout =
+  let stack =
+    let open Stack in
+    to_box
+      [ Unboxed_ptr "array1"
+      ; Unboxed_ptr "array2"
+      ; Unboxed_ptr "pair"
+      ; Unboxed_scalar ("x", Int 42)
+      ]
+  in
+  let heap =
+    let open Block in
+    vbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ tex "heap:"
+      ; unboxed_scalar "array1_meta" [ Int 1; Int 2; Int 3 ]
+      ; unboxed_ptr "pair_meta" [ "pair_1"; "pair_2" ]
+      ; unboxed_scalar "array2_meta" [ Int 42; Int 99; Int 666 ]
+      ]
+  in
+  let figure = hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.) [ stack; heap ] in
+  let ptr a b = Helpers.box_pointer_arrow (get a figure) (get b figure) in
+  Command.seq
+    [ draw figure
+    ; ptr "array1" "array1_meta"
+    ; ptr "array2" "array2_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair" "pair_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair_1" "array1_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair_2" "array2_meta"
+    ]
+
+let () =
+  Array.iter
+    (fun (name, figure) -> Metapost.emit name (Picture.scale (Num.em 1.) figure))
+    [| ("figure_python_layout", figure_python_layout)
+     ; ("figure_python_layout2", figure_python_layout2)
+     ; ("figure_ocaml_layout", figure_ocaml_layout)
+     ; ("figure_java_layout", figure_java_layout)
+     ; ("figure_ocaml_bit1", figure_ocaml_bit1)
+     ; ("figure_ocaml_bit2", figure_ocaml_bit2)
+     ; ("figure_ocaml_bit3", figure_ocaml_bit3)
+     ; ("figure_python_block1", figure_python_block1)
+     ; ("figure_python_block2", figure_python_block2)
+     ; ("figure_ocaml_float1", figure_ocaml_float1)
+     ; ("figure_ocaml_float2", figure_ocaml_float2)
+     ; ("figure_wasm_layout", figure_wasm_layout)
+    |]

src/figures2.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+open Mlpost
+open Box
+
+(* a named box intended to be used as a pointer which implies empty content *)
+let named_ptr name = box ~fill:Color.lightgreen ~name (tex " ")
+
+(* a named scalar *)
+let named_scalar ~name v = box ~fill:Color.lightcyan ~name (tex v)
+
+(* a named taggeg pointer *)
+let named_tagged_ptr name =
+  hbox ~stroke:(Some Color.black) ~fill:Color.lightgreen
+    [ box ~stroke:None (tex "") ~name; tex ~fill:Color.lightred "" ]
+
+(* a named scalar *)
+let named_tagged_scalar ~name v =
+  hbox ~stroke:(Some Color.black) ~fill:Color.lightcyan ~name
+    [ box ~stroke:None (tex v); tex ~fill:Color.lightmagenta "" ]
+
+let tagged_scalar v =
+  hbox ~stroke:(Some Color.black) ~fill:Color.lightcyan
+    [ box ~stroke:None (tex v); tex ~fill:Color.lightmagenta "" ]
+
+type scalar =
+  | Int of int
+  | Float of float
+
+let value_to_string = function
+  | Int n -> string_of_int n
+  | Float f -> string_of_float f
+
+let name_box name = tex (Format.sprintf "\\texttt{%s}:" name)
+
+module Stack = struct
+  type value =
+    | Unboxed_ptr of string
+    | Unboxed_scalar of string * scalar
+    | Tagged_ptr of string
+    | Tagged_scalar of string * scalar
+
+  type t = value list
+
+  let value_to_box = function
+    | Unboxed_ptr name -> hbox [ name_box name; named_ptr name ]
+    | Unboxed_scalar (name, v) ->
+      let scalar = value_to_string v in
+      hbox [ name_box name; named_scalar ~name scalar ]
+    | Tagged_ptr name -> hbox [ name_box name; named_tagged_ptr name ]
+    | Tagged_scalar (name, v) ->
+      let scalar = value_to_string v in
+      hbox [ name_box name; named_tagged_scalar ~name scalar ]
+
+  let to_box l =
+    let l = List.map value_to_box l in
+    vbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.) [ tex "stack:"; vbox ~pos:`Right l ]
+end
+
+(* a named box intended to be used as a block metadata containing scalar *)
+let named_meta_scalar name = box ~name ~fill:Color.lightmagenta (tex "")
+
+(* a named box intended to be used as a block metadata containing ptr *)
+let named_meta_ptr name = box ~name ~fill:Color.lightred (tex "")
+
+module Block = struct
+  type tagged =
+    | Tagged_scalar of int
+    | Tagged_ptr of string
+
+  type t =
+    | Unboxed_ptr of string * string list
+    | Unboxed_scalar of string * scalar list
+    | Tagged of string * tagged list
+    | Untagged of string * string list
+
+  let named_meta_tagged name = box ~name ~fill:Color.lightblue (tex "")
+
+  let named_meta_untagged name = box ~name ~fill:Color.lightblue (tex "")
+
+  let tagged = function
+    | Tagged_scalar n ->
+      let v = string_of_int n in
+      tagged_scalar v
+    | Tagged_ptr name -> hbox [ named_tagged_ptr name ]
+
+  let untagged v = tex v
+
+  let to_box = function
+    | Unboxed_ptr (name, v) ->
+      hblock (named_meta_ptr name :: List.map named_ptr v)
+    | Unboxed_scalar (name, v) ->
+      let v = List.map value_to_string v in
+      hblock (named_meta_scalar name :: List.map (tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan) v)
+    | Tagged (name, v) -> hblock (named_meta_tagged name :: List.map tagged v)
+    | Untagged (name, v) ->
+      hblock (named_meta_untagged name :: List.map untagged v)
+
+  let unboxed_ptr name v = to_box @@ Unboxed_ptr (name, v)
+
+  let unboxed_scalar name v = to_box @@ Unboxed_scalar (name, v)
+
+  let tagged name v = to_box @@ Tagged (name, v)
+
+  let untagged name v = to_box @@ Untagged (name, v)
+end
+
+(* a named box intended to be used as a block metadata containing scalar *)
+let named_meta_unboxed_float name = box ~name ~fill:Color.purple (tex "")
+
+(* a block of unboxed floats *)
+let unboxed_floats_block name values =
+  hblock
+  @@ named_meta_unboxed_float name
+     :: List.map (tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan) values
+
+let scalar_array name values =
+  hblock ~name (List.map (tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan) values)
+
+
+let figure_ocaml_boxed =
+  let stack =
+    let open Stack in
+    to_box
+      [ Tagged_ptr "v"
+      ]
+  in
+  let heap =
+    let open Block in
+    vbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ tex "heap:"
+      ; tagged "v_meta"
+          [ Tagged_scalar 3 ]
+      ]
+  in
+  let figure = hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.) [ stack; heap ] in
+  let ptr a b = Helpers.box_pointer_arrow (get a figure) (get b figure) in
+  Command.seq
+    [ draw figure
+    ; ptr "v" "v_meta"
+    ]
+
+let figure_ocaml_boxed2 =
+  let stack =
+    let open Stack in
+    to_box
+      [ Tagged_ptr "v"
+      ]
+  in
+  let heap =
+    let open Block in
+    vbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ tex "heap:"
+      ; tagged "v_meta"
+          [ Tagged_ptr "int_of_float" ]
+      ]
+  in
+  let figure = hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.) [ stack; heap ] in
+  let ptr a b = Helpers.box_pointer_arrow (get a figure) (get b figure) in
+  Command.seq
+    [ draw figure
+    ; ptr "v" "v_meta"
+    ]
+
+let figure_ocaml_unboxed =
+  let stack =
+    let open Stack in
+    to_box
+      [
+        Tagged_scalar ("tag", (Int 0));
+        Tagged_scalar ("v", (Int 3));
+      ]
+  in
+  let heap =
+    let open Block in
+    vbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ tex "heap:" ]
+  in
+  let figure = hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.) [ stack; heap ] in
+  Command.seq
+    [ draw figure
+    ]
+
+let figure_ocaml_unboxed2 =
+  let stack =
+    let open Stack in
+    to_box
+      [
+        Tagged_scalar ("tag", (Int 1));
+        Tagged_ptr ("v");
+      ]
+  in
+  let heap =
+    let open Block in
+    vbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ tex "heap:"
+      ; tagged "v_meta"
+          [ Tagged_ptr "int_of_float" ]
+      ]
+  in
+  let figure = hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.) [ stack; heap ] in
+  let ptr a b = Helpers.box_pointer_arrow (get a figure) (get b figure) in
+  Command.seq
+    [ draw figure;
+      ptr "v" "v_meta"
+    ]
+
+let figure_ocaml_layout =
+  let stack =
+    let open Stack in
+    to_box
+      [ Tagged_ptr "array1"
+      ; Tagged_ptr "array2"
+      ; Tagged_ptr "pair"
+      ; Tagged_scalar ("x", Int 42)
+      ]
+  in
+  let heap =
+    let open Block in
+    vbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ tex "heap:"
+      ; tagged "array1_meta"
+          [ Tagged_scalar 1; Tagged_scalar 2; Tagged_scalar 3 ]
+      ; tagged "pair_meta" [ Tagged_ptr "pair_1"; Tagged_ptr "pair_2" ]
+      ; tagged "array2_meta"
+          [ Tagged_scalar 42; Tagged_scalar 99; Tagged_scalar 666 ]
+      ]
+  in
+  let figure = hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.) [ stack; heap ] in
+  let ptr a b = Helpers.box_pointer_arrow (get a figure) (get b figure) in
+  Command.seq
+    [ draw figure
+    ; ptr "array1" "array1_meta"
+    ; ptr "array2" "array2_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair" "pair_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair_1" "array1_meta"
+    ; ptr "pair_2" "array2_meta"
+    ]
+
+let figure_ocaml_bit1 =
+  let figure =
+    hblock
+      [ tex "$b_{n - 1}$"
+      ; tex "$b_{n - 2}$"
+      ; tex "\\ldots"
+      ; tex "$b_{1}$"
+      ; tex ~fill:Color.lightblue "$b_{0}$"
+      ]
+  in
+  Command.seq [ draw figure ]
+
+let figure_ocaml_bit2 =
+  let figure =
+    hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ hblock
+          [ tex "$b_{n - 1}$"
+          ; tex "$b_{n - 2}$"
+          ; tex "\\ldots"
+          ; tex "$b_{1}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightred "$0$"
+          ]
+      ; hblock
+          [ tex ~fill:Color.lightgreen "$b_{n - 1}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightgreen "$b_{n - 2}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightgreen "\\ldots"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightgreen "$b_{1}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightgreen "$0$"
+          ]
+      ]
+  in
+  Command.seq [ draw figure ]
+
+let figure_ocaml_bit3 =
+  let figure =
+    hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.)
+      [ hblock
+          [ tex "$b_{n - 1}$"
+          ; tex "$b_{n - 2}$"
+          ; tex "\\ldots"
+          ; tex "$b_{1}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightmagenta "$1$"
+          ]
+      ; hblock
+          [ tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan "$b_{n - 1}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan "$b_{n - 2}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan "\\ldots"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightcyan "$b_{1}$"
+          ; tex ~fill:Color.lightmagenta "$1$"
+          ]
+      ]
+  in
+  Command.seq [ draw figure ]
+
+let figure_type_hierarchy =
+  let f =
+    let open Tree in
+    let leaf s =  leaf (tex ~style:Rect s) in
+    let node s =  node ~arrow_style:Undirected (tex ~style:Rect s) in
+
+    let t =
+      (node "any" [node "eq" [leaf "i31"; leaf "struct"; leaf "array"]])
+    in
+    hbox ~padding:(Num.em 2.) [
+      to_box t; to_box @@ node "func" [] ; to_box @@ node "extern" []
+    ]
+  in
+  Command.seq [ draw f]
+
+let () =
+  Array.iter
+    (fun (name, figure) -> Metapost.emit name (Picture.scale (Num.em 1.) figure))
+    [|       ("figure_ocaml_boxed", figure_ocaml_boxed)
+     ; ("figure_ocaml_boxed2", figure_ocaml_boxed2)
+     ; ("figure_ocaml_unboxed", figure_ocaml_unboxed)
+     ; ("figure_ocaml_unboxed2", figure_ocaml_unboxed2)
+     ; ("figure_type_hierarchy", figure_type_hierarchy)
+    |]

src/logo_lmf.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<svg
+   id="Warstwa_1"
+   data-name="Warstwa 1"
+   viewBox="0 0 916.54 308.37"
+   version="1.1"
+   sodipodi:docname="lmf-logo-black.svg"
+   inkscape:version="1.2.2 (b0a8486541, 2022-12-01)"
+   xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape"
+   xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd"
+   xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+   xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
+   xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#"
+   xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
+  <metadata
+     id="metadata146">
+    <rdf:RDF>
+      <cc:Work
+         rdf:about="">
+        <dc:format>image/svg+xml</dc:format>
+        <dc:type
+           rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" />
+      </cc:Work>
+    </rdf:RDF>
+  </metadata>
+  <sodipodi:namedview
+     pagecolor="#ffffff"
+     bordercolor="#666666"
+     borderopacity="1"
+     objecttolerance="10"
+     gridtolerance="10"
+     guidetolerance="10"
+     inkscape:pageopacity="0"
+     inkscape:pageshadow="2"
+     inkscape:window-width="2560"
+     inkscape:window-height="1440"
+     id="namedview144"
+     showgrid="true"
+     inkscape:zoom="1.6301143"
+     inkscape:cx="517.14165"
+     inkscape:cy="164.40565"
+     inkscape:window-x="0"
+     inkscape:window-y="0"
+     inkscape:window-maximized="1"
+     inkscape:current-layer="Warstwa_1"
+     inkscape:showpageshadow="2"
+     inkscape:pagecheckerboard="0"
+     inkscape:deskcolor="#d1d1d1">
+    <inkscape:grid
+       type="xygrid"
+       id="grid202" />
+  </sodipodi:namedview>
+  <defs
+     id="defs71">
+    <style
+       id="style69">.cls-1{fill:#fff;}</style>
+  </defs>
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M747.38,308.7v4H724.87v-36l4.37.05v32Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path73"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M777.57,308.85v3.81h-6.32l-1.54-3c-1.6,2.31-4.27,3.49-7.71,3.49-5.19,0-8.69-2.62-8.69-7.4,0-10.28,16.35-3.75,16.35-9.25v-.16c0-2.26-1.55-4.52-5.3-4.52-3.34,0-5.24,1.8-6.27,4.57l-3.6-1.85a10.17,10.17,0,0,1,10-6.58c5.65,0,9.45,3.4,9.45,8.59v12.28Zm-7.91-5v-3.14c-4.12,2.11-12.08.16-12.08,5.19,0,3,2.67,3.4,4.57,3.4C768,309.32,769.66,305.92,769.66,303.87Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path75"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M807.58,300.58c0,5.75-3.14,12.59-11.05,12.59a9.08,9.08,0,0,1-7.51-3.34l-1.75,2.83h-2.62v-36h4.27l-.16,14.9a9.23,9.23,0,0,1,7.77-3.6C804.44,288,807.58,294.87,807.58,300.58Zm-4.27,0c0-5.35-2.62-8.74-7.14-8.74s-7.82,3.34-7.82,8.48c0,5.65,3.29,9,7.82,9S803.31,305.92,803.31,300.58Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path77"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M815.21,300.32c0-5.91,3.34-12.34,11.46-12.34s11.46,6.43,11.46,12.34c0,6.43-3.34,12.85-11.46,12.85S815.21,306.75,815.21,300.32Zm18.66,0c0-5.14-2.57-8.48-7.2-8.48s-7.19,3.34-7.19,8.48c0,5.65,2.57,9,7.19,9S833.87,306,833.87,300.32Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path79"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M868.75,294.56l-3.65,1.7c-1.23-3.13-2.31-4.42-5-4.42-5.7,0-6.63,5.7-6.63,9.92v7h5v3.86H844.59V308.8h4.58V292.35h-4.06V288.5h6.68l2,3.19a7.69,7.69,0,0,1,6.69-3.71C864,288,867,289.84,868.75,294.56Z"
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+  <path
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+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
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+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M928.05,306.54c-1.49,4.27-4.31,6.63-9,6.63-5.66,0-8.94-3.44-8.94-9.3V292.35h-6.48V288.5h6.48v-8.64h4.26v8.64h12.49v3.85H914.38V303.2c0,2,0,6.12,4.73,6.12,3.34,0,4.32-2,5.35-4.58Z"
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+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M935.31,300.32c0-5.91,3.34-12.34,11.47-12.34s11.46,6.43,11.46,12.34c0,6.43-3.34,12.85-11.46,12.85S935.31,306.75,935.31,300.32Zm18.66,0c0-5.14-2.57-8.48-7.19-8.48s-7.2,3.34-7.2,8.48c0,5.65,2.57,9,7.2,9S954,306,954,300.32Z"
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+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M1019.3,294.56l-3.65,1.7c-1.23-3.13-2.31-4.42-5-4.42-5.71,0-6.63,5.7-6.63,9.92v7h5v3.86H995.15V308.8h4.57V292.35h-4.06V288.5h6.68l2,3.19A7.66,7.66,0,0,1,1011,288C1014.52,288,1017.56,289.84,1019.3,294.56Z"
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+     id="path91"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M1049.22,300.58l0,1.13-18.87,0c.36,4.73,3,7.66,8,7.66,3.44,0,5.65-1.44,6.68-4.58l3.6,1.85c-1.54,3.65-4.58,6.58-10.44,6.58-8.78,0-12.12-6.53-12.12-12.64s3.23-12.55,11.87-12.55C1046.29,288,1049.53,294.1,1049.22,300.58Zm-18.71-2.68,14.24.06c-.31-4.22-2.93-6.12-6.79-6.12C1033.7,291.84,1031.23,294.15,1030.51,297.9Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
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+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M743.07,376.9l.15-27.86-6.68,12.18h-2.78L727.08,349l.16,27.86h-4.37l0-36h3.49l8.74,15.27,8.74-15.27h3.49l.06,36Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path95"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M777.5,364.82l-.06,1.13-18.86-.05c.36,4.73,3,7.66,8,7.66,3.44,0,5.65-1.44,6.68-4.58l3.6,1.86c-1.54,3.64-4.58,6.57-10.44,6.57-8.79,0-12.13-6.52-12.13-12.64s3.24-12.54,11.88-12.54C774.57,352.23,777.8,358.35,777.5,364.82Zm-18.71-2.67,14.23.05c-.3-4.21-2.93-6.12-6.78-6.12C762,356.08,759.51,358.4,758.79,362.15Zm9-15.06h-4.06l3.5-8.74h4.57Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path97"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M807.93,370.78c-1.49,4.27-4.32,6.63-9,6.63-5.66,0-9-3.44-9-9.3V356.6h-6.47v-3.86H790v-8.63h4.27v8.63h12.49v3.86H794.26v10.84c0,2,0,6.12,4.73,6.12,3.34,0,4.31-2,5.34-4.58Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path99"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M836.91,362.2l-.06,14.7h-4.26l0-13.57V362.2c0-1.23,0-6.12-5.55-6.12-6.27,0-6.68,6.17-6.68,9.87V376.9h-4.27v-36h4.27l-.16,15.73a8.35,8.35,0,0,1,7.61-4.42C833.31,352.23,836.91,356.29,836.91,362.2Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path101"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M845.47,364.56c0-5.91,3.34-12.33,11.46-12.33s11.46,6.42,11.46,12.33c0,6.43-3.33,12.85-11.46,12.85S845.47,371,845.47,364.56Zm18.66,0c0-5.14-2.57-8.48-7.2-8.48s-7.19,3.34-7.19,8.48c0,5.66,2.57,9,7.19,9S864.13,370.22,864.13,364.56Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path103"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M899,340.92v36h-2.62l-1.74-2.83a9.07,9.07,0,0,1-7.51,3.34c-7.92,0-11.05-6.83-11.05-12.59s3.13-12.59,11.05-12.59a9.17,9.17,0,0,1,7.76,3.6l-.15-14.91Zm-3.7,23.64c0-5.14-3.29-8.48-7.81-8.48s-7.14,3.4-7.14,8.74,2.62,8.74,7.14,8.74S895.25,370.22,895.25,364.56Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path105"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M930.31,364.82l0,1.13-18.87-.05c.36,4.73,3,7.66,8,7.66,3.45,0,5.66-1.44,6.68-4.58l3.6,1.86c-1.54,3.64-4.57,6.57-10.43,6.57-8.79,0-12.13-6.52-12.13-12.64s3.23-12.54,11.87-12.54C927.38,352.23,930.62,358.35,930.31,364.82Zm-18.71-2.67,14.24.05c-.31-4.21-2.93-6.12-6.79-6.12C914.79,356.08,912.32,358.4,911.6,362.15Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path107"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M941.55,369c1.29,2.83,2.68,4.58,7.51,4.58,2.72,0,5.08-.57,5.08-3.45,0-2.62-2-2.82-5.65-3.54-4.52-.88-9.1-2.06-9.1-7.15,0-4.78,4-7.19,9-7.19,5.19,0,8.58,2.62,10,6.58l-3.6,1.85c-1-2.47-2.36-4.58-6.53-4.58-2.67,0-4.57.88-4.57,3.34,0,1.85,1,2.42,4.88,3.19,4.47.87,9.87,1.75,9.87,7.5,0,5.2-4.27,7.3-9.92,7.3-5.35,0-9-2.62-10.54-6.57Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path109"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M728.26,409.12v11.67h15.53v4H728.26v16.39H723.9v-36h22.46v4Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path111"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M751.52,428.81c0-5.91,3.34-12.34,11.47-12.34s11.46,6.43,11.46,12.34c0,6.42-3.34,12.85-11.46,12.85S751.52,435.23,751.52,428.81Zm18.66,0c0-5.14-2.57-8.48-7.19-8.48s-7.2,3.34-7.2,8.48c0,5.65,2.57,9,7.2,9S770.18,434.46,770.18,428.81Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path113"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M805.06,423.05l-3.65,1.7c-1.23-3.14-2.31-4.42-5-4.42-5.71,0-6.63,5.7-6.63,9.92v7h5v3.85H780.91v-3.85h4.57V420.84h-4.06V417h6.68l2,3.18a7.66,7.66,0,0,1,6.68-3.7C800.28,416.47,803.32,418.32,805.06,423.05Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path115"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M838.32,427.32v14h-4.27v-14c0-2.78,0-7-3-7-2.36,0-4.16,2.62-4.16,9.87v10.94h-4.17l-.1-14c0-3.44-.26-7-3-7-2.37,0-4.16,2.62-4.16,9.87v11.1h-4.12V417h2.63l1.38,2.21a5.5,5.5,0,0,1,4.94-2.73c3,0,4.68,1.85,5.6,4.11,1.08-2.31,2.93-4.11,6-4.11C838.53,416.47,838.32,424.18,838.32,427.32Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path117"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M868.52,429.06l0,1.14-18.87-.06c.36,4.73,3,7.66,8,7.66,3.44,0,5.66-1.44,6.68-4.57l3.6,1.85c-1.54,3.65-4.57,6.58-10.43,6.58-8.79,0-12.13-6.53-12.13-12.65s3.23-12.54,11.87-12.54C865.59,416.47,868.83,422.59,868.52,429.06Zm-18.71-2.67,14.24.05c-.31-4.21-2.93-6.11-6.79-6.11C853,420.33,850.53,422.64,849.81,426.39Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path119"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M897.36,437.29v3.85H875.67v-3.85h8.74l0-28.27h-7.15v-3.86h11.41V409h0l0,28.27Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path121"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
+  <path
+     class="cls-1"
+     d="M927.29,437.29v3.85H905.6v-3.85h8.73L914.28,409h-7.14v-3.86h11.41V409h0l0,28.27Z"
+     transform="translate(-205.53 -205.59)"
+     id="path123"
+     style="fill:#000000" />
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src/main.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+\documentclass[12pt]{beamer}
+
+\usetheme[]{metropolis}
+
+\usepackage{graphicx} % to include img
+\usepackage[notransparent]{svg} % to include svg
+\usepackage{minted} % source code highlighting
+\setminted{autogobble=true} % remove unneeded indentation
+
+\setmainfont{Linux Libertine O}
+\setsansfont{Linux Biolinum O}
+\setmonofont{RobotoMono Nerd Font}
+
+\newcommand{\auth}[3]{#1 {\tiny{\texttt{<#2>}}}\textsuperscript{#3}}
+
+\title{Wasocaml: compiling OCaml to WebAssembly}
+\author{\auth{Léo Andrès}{l@ndrs.fr}{1, 2}\\
+        \auth{Pierre Chambart}{pierre.chambart@ocamlpro.com}{1}\\
+        \auth{Jean-Christophe Filliâtre}{jean-christophe.filliatre@cnrs.fr}{2}
+}
+\date{August 2023 -- IFL'23 -- Braga}
+\institute{1. OCamlPro\\
+           2. Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, Inria, Laboratoire Méthodes Formelles\\
+  \\
+  \includegraphics[width=16.5em]{logo_ocp.png}
+  \hspace{5em}
+  \includesvg[width=14.5em]{logo_lmf}
+}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \titlepage{}
+\end{frame}
+
+\input{slides.tex}
+
+\end{document}

src/slides.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+\newcommand{\ocaml}[1]{\mintinline{ocaml}{#1}}
+\newcommand{\wasm}[1]{\mintinline{wast}{#1}}
+
+% TODO: about part (me, ocp, lmf) ?
+
+% JavaScript / Wasm
+
+\begin{frame}
+  JavaScript:
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item bad/unpredictable performances
+    \item unsafe
+  \end{itemize}
+  WebAssembly (Wasm) is safe and has good/predictable performances, used:
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item on the Web: V8, SpiderMonkey
+    \item on the Cloud: Fastly, CloudFlare
+    \item as a portable binary format
+    \item to interface with C from other languages
+  \end{itemize}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+% Wasm1
+% TODO: talk about the embedder somewhere
+
+\begin{frame}
+  Wasm1:
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item compact binary format (Wasm) and text format (Wat)
+    \item functions
+    \item stack machine (stack can not be inspected)
+    \item static verification and typecheck (few dynamic tests)
+    \item one \wasm{memory} per module
+    \item only scalar types: \wasm{i32}, \wasm{i64}, \wasm{f32}, \wasm{f64}
+    \item only exported items can be used by other modules
+    \item can be seen as a simplified C
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+  \begin{minted}{wast}
+    (func $fact (param $x i32) (result i32)
+      (if (i32.eq (local.get $x) (i32.const 0))
+        (then (i32.const 1))
+      (else
+        (i32.mul
+          (local.get $x)
+          (call $fact
+            (i32.sub
+              (local.get $x)
+              (i32.const 1)))))))
+  \end{minted}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+  \begin{minted}{wast}
+    (func $fact (param $x i32) (result i32)
+      i32.const 0
+      local.get $x
+      i32.eq
+      (if
+        (then i32.const 1)
+        (else
+          local.get $x
+          i32.const 1
+          i32.sub
+          call $fact
+          local.get $x
+          i32.mul)))
+  \end{minted}
+\end{frame}
+
+% C/C++/Rust to Wasm1
+
+\begin{frame}
+  Compiling runtime-free languages such as C/C++/Rust to Wasm is straightforward.\\
+  Some primitives such as \mintinline{c}{malloc} need to be rewritten in Wasm and provided by the compiler.
+\end{frame}
+
+% TODO: how do GC work
+
+% GC languages to Wasm1
+
+\begin{frame}
+  Compiling garbage-collected languages to Wasm1 is more involved:
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item runtime must be rewritten, or compiled from C to Wasm: difficult because of Wasm safety properties
+    \item GC need to inspect the stack to find roots, not possible in Wasm, requires a shallow stack
+    \item interactions with the GC of the embedder are difficult (cycles can't be collected)
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  Need for a proper GC in Wasm.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  Requirements:
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item safe and fast
+    \item do not make Wasm1 code slower
+    \item fit with many existing value representation strategies
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+% Flambda1
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \includegraphics[width=25em]{ocaml_chain.png}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \begin{center}
+    \begin{description}
+      \item[Lambda] closures are still implicit, not optimised
+      \item[Bytecode] not enough optimised
+      \item[Clambda] code pointers and values mixed in closures
+      \item[Cmm] even more low-level (pointer arithmetic)
+      \item[Flambda] our choice for the first prototype
+      \item[Flambda2] our choice for the future
+    \end{description}
+  \end{center}
+  Flambda:
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item ANF
+    \item explicit closures
+    \item high-level: works on abstract values and not directly on the actual memory layout (this is done by \texttt{Cmm})
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\begin{minted}{ocaml}
+  let f = print_int
+  let rec iter f l =
+    match l with
+    | [] -> ()
+    | hd :: tl ->
+      f hd;
+      iter f tl
+  let () =
+    let iter_print = iter f in
+    iter_print [2; 1]
+\end{minted}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\begin{minted}{ocaml}
+let f =
+  let s =
+    make_closures
+    | cl_f { x } env -> print_int x
+    with vars
+    end
+  in
+  project_closure cl_f from s
+in
+
+let iter =
+  let set =
+    make_closures
+    | cl_iter { f } env ->
+      let otherset =
+        make_closures
+        | cl_iter_f { l } envtwo ->
+          switch l
+          with int
+          | 0 -> const 0
+          with tag
+          | 0 ->
+            let x = get_field 0 l in
+            let f = project_var f from envtwo in
+            let dummy = f x in
+            let tl = get_field 1 l in
+            envtwo tl
+          end
+        with vars
+        | f -> f
+        end
+      in
+      project_closure cl_iter_f from otherset
+    with vars
+    end
+  in
+  project_closure cl_iter from set
+in
+
+let lempty = const 0 in
+let one = const 1 in
+let lone = make_block 0 one lempty in
+let two = const 2 in
+let ltwo = make_block 0 two lone in
+let iter_print = iter f in
+iter_print ltwo
+\end{minted}
+\end{frame}
+
+% Compiling Flambda1 to WasmGC
+
+\begin{frame}
+  Value representation strategies:
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item monomorphisation (C++/Rust)
+    \item boxing everything (Python)
+    \item boxing only in polymorphic places (Java)
+    \item pointer-tagging: unboxing small scalars (OCaml)
+    \item tagged union (Lua)
+    % TODO: add it back ?
+    %\item type-passing (TIL, AliceML)
+    \item runtime monomorphisation (F\#)
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  uniform representation using a tagged single machine word:
+  \begin{center}
+    \includegraphics[width=10em]{figure_ocaml_bit1.mps}
+  \end{center}
+  if $b_{0} = 0$, the value is a pointer to a heap-allocated block:
+  \begin{center}
+    \includegraphics[width=20em]{figure_ocaml_bit2.mps}
+  \end{center}
+  if $b_{1} = 1$, the $n - 1$ most significant bits are a small scalar:
+  \begin{center}
+    \includegraphics[width=20em]{figure_ocaml_bit3.mps}
+  \end{center}
+  small scalars: \ocaml{bool}, \ocaml{char}, \ocaml{int}, constant constructors of ADTs
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  A type system to represent values from any kind of source language is too complex.\\
+  Instead, WasmGC introduces reference types and a subtyping hierarchy:
+  \begin{center}
+    \includegraphics[width=20em]{figure_type_hierarchy.mps}
+  \end{center}
+  The hierarchy tells which casts are allowed.\\
+  Upcasts are implicit.\\
+  Downcasts are explicit and lead to runtime errors if incorrect.\\
+  Casts are cheap.\\
+  Possible to dynamically test for compatibility.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \begin{center}
+    \includegraphics[width=20em]{figure_type_hierarchy.mps}
+  \end{center}
+  Uniform representation through \wasm{eqref} (\ocaml{==} operator).\\
+  Can't be more precise because of \ocaml{Obj.magic}, GADTs and types that have scalar/blocks values.\\
+  Small scalars are \wasm{i31ref}.\\
+  OCaml arrays are \wasm{array}.\\
+  Others heap-allocated blocks are \wasm{struct} or \wasm{array}.
+\end{frame}
+
+% TODO: example with i31 ?
+
+\begin{frame}
+  In \ocaml{get_field n x} the type of \ocaml{x} is unknown.\\
+  Could propagate more types but breaks some optimisations.\\
+  Not enough because of \ocaml{Obj.field}.\\
+  All we know is that \ocaml{x} is a block of size $n + 1$ at least.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+  Blocks as structs:
+
+\begin{minted}{wast}
+  (type $block1 (struct
+    (field $tag i8)
+    (field $field0 eqref)))
+
+  (type $block2 (sub $block1) (struct
+    (field $tag i8)
+    (field $field0 eqref)
+    (field $field1 eqref)))
+
+  ;; and so on...
+\end{minted}
+
+  We cast \ocaml{x} to \wasm{$block}$(n+1)$.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+  swrup/ocaml-emoji:
+  \setmonofont{Symbola}
+  \begin{minted}{ocaml}
+    let fox = "🦊"
+    let framed_picture = "🖼"
+    let free_button = "🆓"
+    let french_fries = "🍟"
+    let fried_shrimp = "🍤"
+    let frog = "🐸"
+    let front_facing_baby_chick = "🐥"
+  \end{minted}
+  \setmonofont{RobotoMono Nerd Font}
+  Modules represented as blocks: each toplevel value is a field.
+  \begin{center}
+  \emph{too long subtyping chain} ☹
+  \end{center}
+  We have two variations to avoid this problem, not implemented yet.
+% TODO: ^ split on many slides
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  Blocks as arrays: an array of \wasm{eqref} with the tag stored at position 0.
+\end{frame}
+
+% Formalized compilation
+
+% Wasocaml
+
+% Benchmarks
+
+% FFI
+
+% Effects
+
+% Related works
+
+% Future works
+
+% Symbolic execution